Higher levels of greenness are associated with lower risks of hospital admissions for mental disorders, finds an analysis of data from seven countries over two decades, published in The BMJ’s climate issue today (6 November).
The results suggest that this protective effect increases with greater exposure to greenness, with no clear threshold – evidence that can inform urban design and health policy to better protect mental health, says the 23-strong international team of researchers. The first author is Tingting Ye, who is based at the Climate, Air Quality Research Unit at the School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
Mental wellbeing remains a global challenge. It’s estimated that 1.1 billion people had mental disorders in 2021, contributing to 14 per cent of the global disease burden with associated economic and societal costs.
Growing evidence suggests that exposure to greenness might reduce the risk of mental disorders, but most previous studies are limited to single countries, short term exposures, or specific mental health outcomes.
To address these gaps, Dr Ye and her fellow researchers analysed 11.4 million hospital admissions for mental disorders from 6,842 locations in seven countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, South Korea and Thailand) from 2000 to 2019.
They included all cause mental disorders and six specific categories (psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, mood disorders, behavioural disorders, dementia, and anxiety).
A ‘considerable proportion or rate of hospital admissions for mental disorders may be associated with exposure to greenness and could potentially be reduced through greening interventions under realistic scenarios [Tingting Ye et al]
Measuring ‘greenness’
Greenness was measured by the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), a widely used and reliable satellite derived metric for assessing vegetation levels in a given area.
Factors including population levels, weather conditions, air pollutants, socioeconomic indicators and seasonality were taken into account and models were stratified by sex, age, urbanisation, and season.
The results show that local greenness was associated with a 7 per cent reduction in hospital admissions for all cause mental disorders, with stronger associations for substance use disorders (9 per cent), psychotic disorders (7 per cent) and dementia (6 per cent).
However, associations varied across countries and disorders. For example, Brazil, Chile, and Thailand showed consistent protective associations across most disorders, while in Australia and Canada, greenness was associated with modestly increased risks for all cause mental disorders and for several specific disorders.
Overall, protective associations were strongest in urban areas, where an estimated 7,712 hospital admissions for mental disorders annually were potentially preventable through greater exposure to greenness.
Seasonal patterns were also found in urban areas, suggesting that climate and weather conditions play a crucial role in how green spaces are used and perceived, say the authors.
Further analysis in urban areas suggested that a 10 per cent increase in greenness was associated with fewer hospital admissions for mental disorders ranging from around 1 per 100,000 in South Korea to approximately 1,000 per 100,000 in New Zealand.
Caveats and conclusions
Dr Ye and her fellow researchers acknowledge that the study is observational in nature and that no firm conclusions can be drawn about cause and effect. They also acknowledge the uncertainties of using hospital admission data from multiple countries and that their results only capture severe disorders requiring inpatient care, so underestimating the full burden of mental health.
Nevertheless, they say this study suggests that a ‘considerable proportion or rate of hospital admissions for mental disorders may be associated with exposure to greenness and could potentially be reduced through greening interventions under realistic scenarios’.
Dr Ye and her co-writers add: ‘These mental health benefits may also bring broader economic and social advantages, including reduced healthcare costs, less strain on health systems, improved workplace productivity, and enhanced community wellbeing.’
Future research should aim to explore the differential effects of various types of green spaces, such as parks or forests, on mental health outcomes, and focus on assessing the quality and accessibility of green spaces, Dr Ye and colleagues add.
To access the full version of the article – titled Greenness and hospital admissions for cause specific mental disorders: multicountry time series study doi: 10.1136/bmj-2025-084618 – click
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